Strategic Litigation by SERAP in Nigeria:

The innovative use of strategic litigation by CSOs is prominently demonstrated by the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) in Nigeria. In a watershed moment in 2021, SERAP took legal action against the Nigerian government, demanding the disclosure of information regarding recovered stolen public funds. The legal battle concluded with a landmark judgment in favor of SERAP, establishing a significant precedent for transparency and accountability. The outcome not only compelled Nigerian authorities to be more transparent in handling repatriated looted assets but also provided a potent model for CSOs across the region. SERAP's strategic legal approach showcases the transformative potential of legal advocacy in challenging contexts, proving that the judicious use of the legal system can be a powerful instrument for advancing civic space and human rights.

Youth Activism in Senegal

The inspirational saga of youth activism unfolds through Senegal's Y'en a Marre ("We Are Fed Up") movement, which burgeoned in 2011. A potent force, the movement employs a blend of arts, music, and media to champion political rights and combat corruption and nepotism. Their influence was pivotal in resisting former President Wade's unconstitutional third term bid in 2012, ultimately contributing to the election of President Macky Sall. Despite encountering challenges, Y'en a Marre's unwavering activism has not only expanded youth participation but has also exemplified the transformative potential of youth groups in fortifying democracies across the region. This youth-led movement stands as a testament to the enduring impact of grassroots initiatives in shaping civic space and fostering democratic values.

Here are some relevant links about the Y'en a Marre youth movement in Senegal:

• Y'en a Marre's website outlines their founding, activities, and principles (in French).
• This Africa Is a Country article provides background on the movement's emergence in 2011 and role in the 2012 election.
• Al Jazeera featured Y'en a Marre during the 2012 election protests.
• Amnesty International reviewed the movement's impact 5 years later.
• This academic article analyzes Y'en a Marre's use of hip hop for civic engagement.
• The Wilson Center examined their role in peacebuilding ahead of 2024 elections.

Cross-Border Advocacy on Civic Space

The West Africa Civil Society Forum (WACSOF) emerges as a vanguard of cross-border collaboration, fostering unity among over 500 CSOs spanning 15 countries. In a notable episode in 2020, WACSOF submitted a petition to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), urging action against civic space restrictions and human rights abuses intensified by COVID-19 lockdowns. Though the impact of this cross-border advocacy may have encountered limitations, the alliance serves as a steadfast reminder that collaborative efforts can sustain the prominence of civic space issues on the agenda of regional institutions. WACSOF's model stands as a testament to the potential of joint advocacy in addressing shared concerns and challenges across borders.

Here are some relevant links about the West Africa Civil Society Forum's (WACSOF) cross-border advocacy on civic space:

• WACSOF's website provides background on their work to promote civic space and governance reforms across West Africa.
• This article covers WACSOF's efforts to strengthen regional advocacy, including their 2020 petition to ECOWAS on COVID-19 impacts.
• WACSOF's 2021 annual report outlines their activities and campaigns over the past year across the region.
• Their statement to ECOWAS in 2022 discusses civic space restrictions in The Gambia.
• This CIVICUS article covers a joint letter WACSOF signed on human rights in West Africa.
• WACSOF is a member of ANCSIP, an Africa-wide CSO alliance collaborating on civic space issues.

Digital Security Peer Learning 

The vanguard role in promoting digital rights and freedoms is spearheaded by the Digital Rights and Freedom Bill Coalition, comprising CSOs from Nigeria and other African countries. Navigating a challenging digital landscape, the coalition has undertaken south-south peer learning exchanges, fostering the adoption of global best practices related to cybersecurity, data protection, privacy tools, and advocacy tactics. This dynamic exchange of knowledge exemplifies the resilience and collaborative spirit of CSOs, showcasing their ability to creatively adapt to the evolving challenges posed by the narrowing civic space in the digital realm.

Here are some relevant links about the Digital Rights and Freedom Bill Coalition's work on digital security and peer learning:

• Paradigm Initiative, a member of the Coalition, has programs like the Digital Rights Workshops that provide training on digital rights and security for CSOs.
• The Coalition partners with organizations like CIPESA on initiatives like the Digital Rights and Inclusion Forum to promote digital rights in Africa.
• Media Foundation for West Africa, another Coalition member, provides training on digital security and safety for journalists and activists in West Africa.
• The Coalition is connected to regional networks like AfricTivistes that aim to defend digital rights.
• Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) creates resources and guides for CSOs on digital security topics.
• Digital Defenders Partnership funds and supports organizations responding to digital threats against civic freedoms.

CSO Monitoring of Public Spending 

The impactful role of CSOs in monitoring public spending unfolds through initiatives like BudgIT in Nigeria and Le Budget Citoyen in Senegal. Utilizing a potent combination of technology, data analysis, and visuals, these CSOs have become watchdogs, systematically tracking public spending and exposing corruption. BudgIT's Tracka initiative, employing crowdsourcing and social media, meticulously monitors budget implementation across Nigeria. Their collective efforts have not only rendered budgets more accessible but have also played a pivotal role in enhancing transparency in diverse countries, including Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, and Niger. This exemplifies how CSOs, through innovative methods, can contribute significantly to strengthening civic space and combating corruption.

Here are some relevant links about civil society organizations monitoring public spending in West Africa:

• BudgIT in Nigeria uses technology and data visualization to make public budgets more accessible. Their Tracka initiative crowdsources monitoring of budget implementation.
• Le Budget Citoyen in Senegal analyzes and simplifies budget information to foster greater budget transparency and accountability.
• The Public Service Accountability Monitor in South Africa investigates compliance with regulations in public agencies.
• CODE in Benin advocates for transparency in extractive industry contracts and revenues.
• WACSI convenes civil society groups in West Africa and builds their capacity for budget monitoring and advocacy.
• Oxfam supported CSO budget monitoring of COVID-19 spending in several countries.
• GIZ partners with CSOs on public finance monitoring initiatives in countries like Ghana.

In countries like Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, and Togo, the fundamental civic freedoms of expression, assembly, and association are under severe constraints, creating a distressing reality for democratic engagement. Authorities in these nations deploy a range of tactics, employing arbitrary bans on protests as a means to stifle public dissent. The intimidation and detention of journalists and activists serve as further tools to suppress voices critical of the status quo. This repressive atmosphere is exacerbated by the imposition of restrictive regulations on NGOs and unions, constructing an environment where any form of dissent not only faces discouragement but is actively quashed.

The overarching narrative across these West African countries reveals a deliberate pattern of authoritarian measures that directly impede the vibrant democratic principles that are crucial for societal progress. The severe limitations on freedom of expression curtail the ability of citizens to voice concerns, critique governance, and engage in constructive dialogue. Arbitrary bans on protests restrict a vital avenue for public expression and peaceful dissent, eliminating a crucial mechanism for citizens to collectively voice their grievances.

The intimidation and detention of journalists and activists not only infringe upon the rights of individuals but also contribute to a climate of fear and self-censorship. In an environment were speaking out can lead to arbitrary arrests or worse, citizens and media practitioners are coerced into silence, hindering the free flow of information and constructive critique essential for societal growth.

Moreover, the restrictive regulations imposed on CSOs and unions limit the capacity of civil society to operate independently. By subjecting these organizations to bureaucratic hurdles and interference, authorities curtail their ability to advocate for social justice, human rights, and inclusive governance. This deliberate constriction of civic space is a calculated strategy to undermine the checks and balances provided by independent civil society actors.

This grim portrayal of the state of civic freedoms in the region signifies a broader challenge for West Africa. The democratic principles that underpin open and participatory societies are under threat. The very essence of democratic engagement—voicing opinions, assembling peacefully, and associating freely—is compromised. This pattern of authoritarian measures, while prevalent in specific nations, underscores a shared struggle for the region to foster an environment where civic freedoms are not only protected on paper but actively upheld in practice.

Addressing this pervasive issue requires concerted efforts to dismantle the systematic restrictions on civic space. Legal and institutional reforms are crucial, ensuring that the rights to expression, assembly, and association are not only recognized but also safeguarded. International pressure and diplomatic interventions can play a pivotal role in holding governments accountable for human rights violations and fostering an environment conducive to democratic growth. The resilience of civil society and the experiences of countries like Ghana, Liberia, and Senegal, where democratic progress is evident, offer a beacon of hope and a blueprint for navigating the path towards a more open and participatory West Africa.

A prevalent and concerning thread weaving through the fabric of West Africa is the tandem of weak rule of law and pervasive corruption, two interlinked factors that profoundly erode governance and accountability across the region. This shared challenge manifests in various ways, contributing to an environment where the principles of justice and fairness are undermined.

In many West African countries, the judiciary, often touted as the bastion of justice, grapples with a significant lack of independence. This critical institution, meant to be a check on executive power, finds itself susceptible to external influences. The consequence is a situation where leaders can act with impunity, shielded from the necessary checks and balances that a robust judicial system should provide. This compromise in judicial independence allows for the manipulation of legal processes for political gain, perpetuating a cycle of injustice and inequality.

Laws on paper, while ostensibly designed to uphold justice, often falter in their implementation, creating a disconcerting dissonance between legal frameworks and lived realities. The uneven or deliberately skewed implementation of laws, particularly against opposition groups, fosters an environment where the legal apparatus becomes a tool of oppression rather than a mechanism for justice. This deliberate manipulation of legal processes creates a culture of inequality, where certain segments of the population are disproportionately affected, denied their rights, and excluded from the benefits of a just and fair society.

Corruption further exacerbates these challenges, creating a breeding ground for a lack of accountability and fostering an atmosphere where the rule of law is compromised. The insidious nature of corruption seeps into various facets of governance, from law enforcement to public administration, eroding public trust and undermining the effectiveness of institutions. The diversion of public resources for personal gain not only perpetuates inequality but also hampers the ability of governments to deliver essential services to their citizens.

This shared struggle with weak rule of law and corruption underscores the urgent need for comprehensive reforms across the region. Strengthening judicial independence is paramount, requiring measures to insulate the judiciary from external pressures and political interference. Implementing and enforcing anti-corruption measures is equally critical to rebuilding public trust and ensuring that resources are utilized for the collective good rather than personal gain.

International partnerships and collaboration can play a pivotal role in supporting these efforts. By holding governments accountable for corruption and advocating for judicial independence, the international community can contribute to fostering an environment where the rule of law is not just a theoretical concept but a lived reality for all citizens.

Across various West African nations, political processes often fall short of being fully inclusive, perpetuating a system where opposition groups and minorities find themselves systematically excluded. This exclusionary trend manifests in multiple facets, creating an environment that compromises the fundamental principles of democratic participation.

One of the glaring issues is biases in voter registration processes. In some countries, these processes are marred by irregularities and favoritism, resulting in the exclusion of certain groups from the political landscape. Such biases not only undermine the legitimacy of elections but also contribute to a skewed political playing field.

Moreover, the lack of transparency in vote counting further exacerbates the exclusivity in political processes. When the mechanisms for counting votes lack openness and accountability, it gives rise to suspicions of electoral fraud and manipulation. This lack of transparency erodes the trust citizens place in the democratic process, hindering the development of a political system that is genuinely representative.

Harassment of opposition parties adds another layer to this complex challenge. In several West African countries, opposition groups face systematic intimidation, hindering their ability to participate freely in the political arena. This harassment creates a chilling effect, deterring individuals from engaging in opposition politics and stifling the diversity of voices needed for a vibrant democracy.

These restrictions on political participation, whether through biased voter registration, opaque vote counting, or harassment of opposition, contribute to deepening social divisions. By systematically excluding certain groups, these practices undermine the very essence of democracy, which thrives on the diversity of voices and perspectives contributing to the decision-making process. The consequences are far-reaching, affecting the social cohesion necessary for sustainable development and political stability.

The space for substantive input from civil society organizations (CSOs) into policymaking across West Africa faces significant constraints, reflecting a broader issue of responsive governance. In many instances, public consultations, when they do occur, are often perfunctory, lacking the depth needed for meaningful engagement. This limited engagement of CSOs in decision-making processes is symptomatic of a larger challenge where the voices of ordinary citizens are marginalized from governance structures.

CSOs, which play a crucial role as intermediaries between citizens and the state, find themselves on the fringes of decision-making. Their perspectives, often grounded in the realities faced by communities, are not given due consideration in the formulation of policies. This marginalization weakens the checks and balances necessary for a healthy democracy, as diverse voices and viewpoints are essential for robust decision-making.

Responsive governance requires an active and engaged civil society that can scrutinize policies, advocate for the rights of citizens, and contribute to the overall development agenda. However, the current marginalization of CSOs undermines this vital function, creating a governance deficit where decisions are made without comprehensive inputs from those directly affected.

To address this, there is a need for a paradigm shift towards more inclusive and participatory governance. Meaningful public consultations, where the perspectives of CSOs are valued, should be prioritized. Governments should recognize the invaluable role of civil society in holding them accountable and ensuring that policies address the real needs of the people.

In several West African countries, rampant human rights abuses persist, exacerbated by a notable lack of oversight of security forces. Despite constitutional protections ostensibly in place, minorities, women, and marginalized communities routinely face violence, discrimination, and encounter significant barriers in accessing justice.

The weakness in oversight mechanisms allows security forces to act with impunity, undermining the very essence of the rule of law. Constitutional guarantees intended to protect vulnerable groups often remain unenforced, perpetuating a cycle of abuses. The impact of these human rights violations is profound, as it creates an environment where citizens are denied the basic dignity and protection they are entitled to under the law.

Of particular concern is the heightened risk faced by activists, journalists, and civil society groups. In the absence of robust oversight, these individuals operate in precarious environments, subject to threats, arbitrary arrests, and violence from both state and non-state actors. This challenging atmosphere fosters a climate of fear, pushing individuals towards self-censorship and limiting their capacity to act as effective watchdogs over human rights abuses.

The limited access to justice for victims of rights violations further compounds the issue. Inadequate legal frameworks and a lack of judicial independence mean that those who suffer abuses often find their path to justice obstructed. This not only perpetuates a culture of impunity but also sends a signal that certain groups are exempt from accountability, eroding the trust citizens place in their legal institutions.

Across the West African region, restricted access to information and government data emerges as a significant impediment to transparency and anti-corruption efforts. The uneven implementation of access to information laws, coupled with weak protections for whistleblowers, creates an environment where malfeasance can thrive with little accountability.

The persistent gender inequality and variations in digital rights across countries add another layer of complexity. Women often face discrimination in both the digital realm and broader socio-economic and political spheres. Inconsistencies in digital rights protections mean that citizens are subject to varying degrees of surveillance and restrictions on their online activities, contributing to an environment where privacy and freedom of expression are compromised.

Surveillance of digital activities and occasional internet shutdowns further compound the challenges faced by citizens. These practices not only infringe upon individual freedoms but also hinder the free flow of information, a cornerstone of democratic societies. The implications of such restrictions ripple across various sectors, from stifling political discourse to hampering economic activities reliant on a stable and open digital infrastructure.

Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that strengthens oversight mechanisms, ensures consistent enforcement of human rights protections, and promotes a more inclusive and open digital landscape. Empowering civil society to play a proactive role in monitoring and advocating for these rights is crucial, as is fostering a culture of transparency and accountability within governmental institutions. Only through concerted efforts to address these multifaceted challenges can West Africa move towards a future where human rights are upheld, and citizens enjoy the full benefits of an open and participatory society.

A troubling pattern across West Africa reveals deliberate and strategic efforts by certain leaders and governments to systematically close civic space. This orchestrated narrowing of the space for civil society, citizens, and opposition movements is not a random occurrence but a calculated strategy employed by those in power. This deliberate endeavor aims to consolidate control and suppress any challenges to the existing authority.

In countries like Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, and Togo, governments have employed a range of tactics to stifle dissent and limit civic engagement. Arbitrary bans on protests, intimidation of activists and journalists, and the imposition of restrictive regulations on NGOs and unions all serve as tools to curtail the influence of opposition voices and civil society.

These deliberate actions are often intensified during periods of political unrest or when leaders face significant opposition. Instead of fostering an open and participatory political environment, these governments opt for a strategy of constriction, limiting the space for democratic discourse and silencing those who raise their voices against perceived injustices.

By strategically suppressing civic space, these leaders aim to maintain a tight grip on power. The deliberate efforts to restrict freedoms of expression, assembly, and association serve as a way to control the narrative and prevent any challenges to the established order. This deliberate curtailment is not only a threat to democratic values but also undermines the potential for sustainable development, social justice, and the realization of human rights in the region.

The severe narrowing of civic space has broader implications for stability and inclusivity. By silencing moderate voices and limiting the avenues for political expression, these deliberate efforts exacerbate social divisions and contribute to a polarized political landscape. The absence of a vibrant civic space also diminishes the possibilities for constructive dialogue and compromises, making it harder to address societal challenges effectively.

These deliberate efforts to close civic space are not only a challenge for the affected countries but also a concern for the broader West African region. The interconnectedness of regional dynamics means that the closing of civic space in one country can have ripple effects, impacting neighbouring nations and regional stability.

In confronting these deliberate challenges, it becomes imperative for regional and international actors to engage in diplomatic efforts, advocacy, and support for civil society. By shining a spotlight on these deliberate attempts to restrict civic space, the international community can apply pressure on governments to adhere to democratic principles and respect human rights.

Furthermore, supporting initiatives that promote the free flow of information, protect the rights of activists and journalists, and strengthen the rule of law becomes crucial. These deliberate efforts to close civic space can only be countered through concerted efforts that uphold the values of democracy, human rights, and accountability across the entire West African region.

• Active Citizenship:

Citizens should actively participate in civic processes, engage with civil society, and exercise their democratic rights responsibly. Informed and active citizenship is fundamental to the protection and expansion of civic space.

• Peaceful Advocacy:

Engage in peaceful advocacy for the protection of civic freedoms. Non-violent demonstrations, social media campaigns, and other peaceful actions can draw attention to civic space issues.

• Support Civil Society Initiatives:

Support local civil society initiatives through participation, volunteering, or financial contributions. Citizens' involvement strengthens the capacity and impact of civil society in advocating for civic space.

Here are some suggested resources for promoting active citizenship, peaceful advocacy, and supporting civil society initiatives:Active Citizenship:

• iCivics provides free civics lessons and games to teach students how government works and how to participate.
• Mikva Challenge engages youth in activism and campaigns for issues they care about.
• DoSomething.org has volunteer opportunities and campaigns for young people to take action on causes.

Peaceful Advocacy:

• Amnesty International offers human rights education and nonviolent activism training.
• ICNC provides resources on civil resistance and nonviolent movements.
• Beautiful Rising shares case studies, tactics, and principles for nonviolent activism.

• Uphold Democratic Principles:

Governments should reaffirm their commitment to democratic principles, respecting the rights enshrined in their constitutions and international agreements. This includes actively promoting and protecting freedoms of expression, assembly, and association.

• Ensure Judicial Independence:

Strengthen judicial independence to ensure that the judiciary acts as a check on executive power. Implement reforms to guarantee fair and impartial legal processes, reducing corruption and promoting accountability.

• Create Inclusive Political Processes:

Foster inclusive political processes by ensuring fair voter registration, transparent vote counting, and creating an environment where opposition parties can participate without fear of harassment. This will contribute to building a more stable and inclusive political landscape.

• Facilitate Civil Society Participation:

Actively involve civil society organizations in policymaking processes. Governments should hold meaningful public consultations, valuing the input of civil society in decision-making. Implement reforms to create an environment where CSOs can operate freely without fear of harassment or arbitrary restrictions.

• Address Human Rights Abuses:

Take decisive actions to address human rights abuses, particularly those perpetrated by security forces. Implement measures to strengthen oversight mechanisms, protect minorities, women, and marginalized communities, and ensure access to justice for all citizens.

• Enhance Transparency and Digital Rights:

Prioritize transparency by making government information accessible to the public. Implement and enforce access to information laws and ensure protections for whistleblowers. Additionally, safeguard digital rights by avoiding unnecessary restrictions on internet access and protecting user privacy.

Here are some suggestions for resources related to the recommendations for governments:Uphold Democratic Principles:

• The OECD has resources on upholding integrity and democratic values in the public sector.
• International IDEA's State of Democracy framework helps assess adherence to democratic principles.
• The UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights provides guidance on democratic governance.

Ensure Judicial Independence:

• The UN Office on Drugs and Crime has a judicial integrity toolkit with guidance on strengthening judicial independence.
• The International Bar Association offers resources on judicial systems reform and rule of law.
• The World Justice Project has a Rule of Law Index that assesses judicial independence.

Create Inclusive Political Processes:

• The Carter Center provides election observation recommendations to improve electoral processes.
• International IDEA has resources on inclusive political participation and representation.
• The UNDP offers guidance on strengthening electoral integrity.

Facilitate Civil Society Participation:

• The OECD has a Toolkit for Civil Society Organizations on engaging in policy processes.
• The World Bank offers guidance on facilitating policy dialogue with civil society.
• The UN OHCHR provides resources for governments on creating an enabling environment for civil society.

Address Human Rights Abuses:

• The UN OHCHR has guidance on accountability for human rights violations.
• Human Rights Watch offers recommendations on reforming abusive security forces.
• The International Center for Transitional Justice has resources on truth and reconciliation processes.

Enhance Transparency and Digital Rights:

• The Open Government Partnership provides guidance on open government data policies.
• The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression has reports on protecting digital rights.
• Access Now offers recommendations on avoiding internet shutdowns.

International community and development partners

• Promote Diplomacy:

International actors, including governments and intergovernmental organizations, should use diplomatic channels to advocate for the protection of civic space. Engage with governments in the region to address specific concerns and encourage reforms.

• Financial Support:

Provide financial support to local civil society initiatives. Funding is often a critical factor for the sustainability and effectiveness of civil society activities.

• Human Rights Monitoring:

Establish robust human rights monitoring mechanisms to assess and report on the state of civic space in West Africa. This information can inform international policy responses and diplomatic engagements.

• Capacity Building:

Offer technical assistance and capacity-building programs to governments and civil society. This support can enhance governance structures, strengthen judicial systems, and promote human rights standards.

• Enforce Regional Human Rights Standards:

Regional organizations, such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), should actively enforce regional human rights standards. Ensure that member states adhere to the provisions of regional agreements that protect civic space.

• Mediation and Conflict Resolution:

Intervene in situations where there are threats to civic space, employing mediation and conflict resolution mechanisms. Timely interventions can prevent the escalation of conflicts and protect the rights of citizens.

• Promote Best Practices:

Highlight and promote best practices in countries that have successfully protected and expanded civic space. Creating a platform for sharing success stories can encourage positive reforms in other member states.

• Promote Freedom of the Press:

Media organizations play a crucial role in defending civic space. Journalists should collaborate to advocate for the protection of press freedom, and media houses should provide comprehensive coverage of civic space issues.

• Responsible Reporting:

Uphold journalistic ethics by providing accurate and unbiased reporting. Responsible journalism contributes to public awareness and understanding of civic space challenges.

• Amplify Civil Society Voices:

Act as a platform to amplify the voices of civil society. Provide coverage and support for civil society initiatives, ensuring that their messages reach a wider audience.

Here are some suggestions for resources and initiatives to support media organizations in defending civic space and amplifying civil society voices in West Africa:

• The West Africa Civil Society Institute's (WACSI) Civic Space Resource Hub provides capacity building, resources and technical support to media and CSOs on civic space issues.
• The Media Foundation for West Africa offers training programs on investigative reporting, safety of journalists, and monitoring attacks on press freedom.
• Paradigm Initiative runs digital rights programs to advocate for online press freedom and safety of digital journalists.
• Civicus Monitor tracks and reports on threats to civic freedoms including press freedom across West Africa.
• Article 19 and Committee to Protect Journalists document and report on violations against the press and promote press freedom.
• UNESCO's IPDC provides funding for media development projects promoting press freedom, safety of journalists and media pluralism.
• Journalist associations like the Ghana Journalists Association and Union of Journalists Côte d'Ivoire advocate for press freedom and protection of journalists.

Freedom of Assembly:

Assesses the ability of individuals and groups to peacefully assemble without undue restrictions.

Component Measures:

- Legal Framework: Assess the legal regulations governing assembly rights.

- Implementation: Evaluate the enforcement of assembly rights in practice.

Constituent Factors:

- Permit Requirements: Analyse the ease and fairness of obtaining assembly permits.

- Police Response: Assess how law enforcement handles peaceful assemblies.

Freedom of Expression: Evaluates the freedom of speech and media independence in the region.

Component Measures:

- Media Independence: Evaluate the independence and diversity of media outlets.

- Online Freedom: Assess the extent of online censorship and surveillance.

- Public Expression: Evaluate the freedom of the general public to express opinions.

Constituent Factors:

- Journalist Safety: Analyze the safety and protection of journalists.

- Internet Access: Evaluate accessibility to the internet.

- Free Speech Rights: Assess the legal protections for free speech.

- Social Media Freedom: Evaluate restrictions or censorship on social media platforms.

Freedom of Association: Measures the extent to which individuals and organizations are free to form and join associations.

Component Measures:

- Association Regulations: Assess laws and regulations governing associations.

- Registration Process: Analyse the ease and fairness of registering associations.

Constituent Factors:

- Freedom to Form Groups: Evaluate the ability to form and join associations freely.

- Government Interference: Assess government interference in association activities.

Rule of Law and Access to Justice: Examines the presence and enforcement of laws protecting human rights and access to legal remedies.

Component Measures:

- Legal Framework: Evaluate the existence of laws protecting human rights.

- Judicial Independence: Assess the independence and effectiveness of the judiciary.

Constituent Factors:

- Legal Aid Accessibility: Analyse access to legal aid and representation.

- Accountability of Judicial Institutions: Evaluate the accountability of legal institutions.

Political Participation: Assesses the opportunities for citizens to engage in political processes and elections.

Component Measures:

- Electoral Process: Evaluate the fairness and transparency of elections.

- Political Participation Rights: Assess the protection of political participation rights.

Constituent Factors:

- Voter Registration: Analyse the accessibility and fairness of voter registration.

- Political Inclusivity: Evaluate the inclusivity of political processes.

Civil Society Participation in Policy Making: Evaluates the involvement of civil society organizations in shaping policies and legislation.

Component Measures:

- Government Engagement: Assess government engagement with civil society.

- Civil Society Influence: Evaluate the impact of civil society in policy decisions.

Constituent Factors:

- Public Consultation: Analyse the existence and effectiveness of public consultations.

- Civic Engagement: Assess the level of civic engagement in policy discussions.

Human Rights Protection: Examines the presence and effectiveness of measures to protect human rights.

Component Measures:

- Human Rights Legislation: Evaluate the existence of laws protecting human rights.

- Human Rights Enforcement: Assess the enforcement of human rights protections.

Constituent Factors:

- Non-Discrimination: Analyse measures to prevent discrimination.

- Human Rights Violations: Assess reported human rights abuses.

Corruption and Government Transparency: Measures efforts to combat corruption and enhance government transparency.

Component Measures:

- Anti-Corruption Measures: Evaluate legal and institutional anti-corruption frameworks.

- Transparency Initiatives: Assess government transparency efforts.

Constituent Factors:

- Corruption Perception: Analyse perceptions of corruption.

- Access to Government Information: Evaluate access to government data.

Safety of Civil Society Actors: Assesses measures in place to protect the safety and well-being of civil society members.

Component Measures:

- Protection Mechanisms: Assess mechanisms for protecting activists and NGOs.

- Violence Incidents: Analyse incidents of violence against civil society actors.

Constituent Factors:

- Legal Protections: Evaluate legal protections for civil society actors.

- Accountability for Violence: Assess the prosecution of those responsible for violence.

Freedom of Information: Evaluates citizens' access to government information and transparency.

Component Measures:

- Access to Information Laws: Evaluate the existence and effectiveness of such laws.

- Government Data Accessibility: Assess access to government data and information.

Constituent Factors:

- Information Accessibility: Analyse public access to government information.

- Transparency of Public Data: Evaluate the transparency of publicly available data.

Gender Equality and Youth Engagement: Assesses policies and practices promoting gender equality, youth engagement, and inclusivity.

Component Measures:

- Gender Equality Policies: Evaluate policies promoting gender equality.

- Youth Engagement Initiatives: Assess government initiatives involving youth.

Constituent Factors:

- Gender Equality Progress: Analyse progress in achieving gender equality.

- Youth Participation: Evaluate the level of youth participation in civic activities.

Digital Rights: Measures digital freedoms, including internet access, online privacy, and freedom of online expression.

Component Measures:

- Internet Freedom: Assess freedom and restrictions on the internet.

- Data Privacy: Evaluate data protection and privacy regulations.

Constituent Factors:

- Online Censorship: Analyse online censorship measures.

- Data Security: Evaluate data security and protection measures.

Burkina Faso grapples with significant challenges in its civic space, despite pockets of progress in recent years. The analysis, informed by data from interviews, surveys, and various sources, underscores major restrictions on fundamental dimensions such as freedom of assembly, expression, association, rule of law, and human rights protections. This paints a stark picture of obstacles impeding the realization of civic freedoms.

Political instability, conflict, and a humanitarian crisis have contributed to the tightening of civic space in Burkina Faso. Notably, the country witnessed its second military coup within eight months in September 2022, leading to increased restrictions on civic freedoms. The junta imposed bans on protests, suspended political party activities, and intensified its crackdown on dissent. This has further complicated Burkina Faso's security and humanitarian situation.

Major concerns include arbitrary bans on protests, intimidation of journalists and activists, restrictive regulations on civil society organizations (CSOs), corruption in government institutions, political exclusion of opposition groups, limited CSO participation in policymaking, widespread human rights abuses, and uneven access to justice. The recent surge in attacks on journalists and civil society groups has fostered a climate of fear.

While some progress was evident following democratic reforms in the 1990s, responses suggest a deterioration of civic space in Burkina Faso amid recent political instability, violence, and conflict. Fundamental reforms are urgently needed to translate democratic principles into an open and inclusive civic space.

Despite these challenges, Burkina Faso has a robust tradition of trade unionism that persistently advocates for rights in the face of restrictions. Leveraging this experience and addressing limitations on freedoms could play a crucial role in mitigating the severe constraints on civic space.

Freedom of Assembly:

Authorities in Burkina Faso impose arbitrary bans on protests and utilize excessive force against demonstrators. While the legal framework is adequate, poor implementation stifles peaceful dissent.

Freedom of Expression:

The majority of media in Burkina Faso is government-controlled, leaving little room for independent political reporting. Journalists face common harassment and intimidation, exacerbated by restrictive defamation laws.

Freedom of Association:

CSOs face burdensome registration requirements and bureaucratic hurdles. Existing laws fall short in fully enabling CSO independence.

Rule of Law:

Pervasive corruption in government institutions, including the judiciary, undermines the rule of law. Arbitrary arrests are commonplace, and access to justice is uneven. The judiciary lacks independence. Corruption is widespread, eroding governance. Abuses by security forces occur with impunity.

Political Participation:

Recent challenges have diminished the credibility of elections, with exclusions of opposition groups. Improvements are needed in voter registration and the political inclusion of marginalized groups.

Civil Society Participation:

The space for CSO input into policymaking is highly limited. Public consultations are rare and perfunctory.

Human Rights Protection:

Despite constitutional protections, Burkina Faso experiences widespread rights abuses, including crackdowns on dissent. Discrimination against vulnerable groups persists, accompanied by uneven access to justice.

Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

Corruption remains high despite some institutional frameworks. Transparency in the government and access to information are limited, and protections for whistleblowers are inadequate.

Safety of Activists:

Activists face threats, arbitrary arrests, and violence, fostering a climate of fear. Impunity for attacks persists despite legal protections.

Access to Information:

The implementation of access to information laws is poor. Making more government data publicly available is crucial for improving transparency.

Burkina Faso confronts intertwined challenges encompassing restrictions on civic freedoms, corruption, instability, and violent conflict. Nevertheless, opportunities for progress arise from the nation's robust traditions of trade unionism and civil society.

A paramount challenge involves arbitrary restrictions on fundamental freedoms, necessitating the removal of undue limitations and ensuring these rights in both law and practice. Rampant corruption within institutions has corroded governance and the rule of law, highlighting the need for stronger enforcement of anti-corruption laws and enhanced protections for whistleblowers and journalists to improve transparency.

The conflict situation has facilitated crackdowns on dissent and exacerbated human rights violations, particularly for marginalized groups. Ensuring accountability and oversight of security forces stands out as a critical imperative. Burkina Faso's relatively robust civil society, particularly its active trade unions, persists in advocating for rights despite restrictions. Clearing legal and administrative hurdles for CSOs would empower them further.

Leveraging Burkina Faso's previous experience with democratic reforms provides a foundation, yet fundamental reforms are paramount to translating democratic principles into practice and consolidating democratic institutions against prevailing instability.

Moreover, the country's social cohesion and community-level solidarity serve as strengths to manage conflict. However, addressing inter-communal tensions demands inclusive governance and equitable resource distribution.

In summary, addressing interconnected challenges, including lifting restrictions on civic freedoms, tackling corruption, fostering inclusive governance, and empowering civil society, is imperative. These steps are crucial for translating democratic principles into an open civic space in Burkina Faso.

Based on analysis of the 12 indicators, Burkina Faso's civic space can be classified as “Constricted.” Severe restrictions persist across key dimensions, despite some limited openings.

Ghana stands out as one of the more stable democracies in West Africa, boasting a history of peaceful power transitions and a commitment to civil liberties. However, data from interviews, surveys, and other sources signal persistent challenges in civic space. The analysis of 12 key indicators indicates that although Ghana maintains a relatively open civic space compared to regional counterparts, impediments hinder the full realization of civic freedoms.

Describing Ghana's civic space as "challenged" implies existing room for civic engagement alongside limitations. Concerns encompass uneven press freedoms, assembly restrictions, institutional corruption, political polarization, limited CSO policy influence, discrimination, and threats against activists. Despite these challenges, Ghana's strong democratic traditions and active civil society present opportunities for enhancement. The nation has made considerable progress, yet governance, transparency, inclusion, and human rights and civic actor protections still exhibit gaps.

Freedom of Assembly:

Generally respected, though occasional use of excessive force during protests. Adequate legal framework with inconsistent implementation.

Freedom of Expression:

Press freedom is relatively high but uneven. Journalists occasionally face harassment, particularly in political reporting. Online expression is generally unrestricted.

Freedom of Association:

CSO registration is straightforward, but bureaucratic hurdles persist. Generally open space for CSOs.

Rule of Law:

An independent judiciary coexists with institutional corruption. Arbitrary arrests are infrequent, but access to justice is uneven.

Political Participation:

Competitive elections amid political polarization. Inclusive voter registration with deepening political divisions.

Civil Society Participation:

Active CSO engagement with moderate influence. Public consultations occur but are sometimes perceived as perfunctory.

Human Rights Protection:

Constitutional rights enshrined, yet discrimination against women, minorities, and LGBTQ individuals persists. Abuses are not systemic but occur.

Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

Moderate corruption levels despite legal frameworks. Fair access to government data with room for improvement.

Safety of Activists:

Generally free operations for activists with occasional threats and violence, especially against government critics.

Access to Information:

Existing access to information laws with inconsistent implementation. Improved transparency of government data is necessary.

Ghana grapples with challenges related to freedom restrictions, corruption, polarization, and uneven protections. However, the nation's democratic resilience and active civil society offer avenues for positive change. The occasional excessive use of force against protesters and journalists stands as a major challenge, demanding accountability and enhanced police crowd control measures.

Corruption in government institutions has affected public trust. Strengthened enforcement of anti-corruption laws and enhanced protections for whistleblowers are imperative for transparency. Deepening political polarization raises concerns. Inclusive political dialogues and reforms to ease tensions between parties are recommended.

The influence of CSOs on policymaking requires enhancement. Mechanisms ensuring substantive CSO input in decisions can improve governance. Discrimination and abuses persist against marginalized groups. Broadening access to justice is a critical imperative.

Ghana's well-established democratic system and active civil society operating freely provide inherent strengths. Supporting democratic institutions against polarization fortifies civic space. High press freedoms in Ghana should be preserved. Ensuring protections for investigative journalism and preventing harassment of reporters further enhances transparency.

Targeted reforms addressing corruption, increasing inclusion, protecting rights, and empowering civil society should propel Ghana towards fully realizing its democratic principles within an open civic space.

Based on the analysis of the 12 indicators, Ghana's civic space is classified as “Challenged.” Despite notable progress, gaps persist in freedoms, transparency, and inclusion.

Guinea is a West African nation that has faced political instability and authoritarian rule for much of its history since independence in 1958. The country has experienced two military coups since 2020, further destabilizing its politics. In September 2021, a military junta seized power from President Alpha Condé, who had been controversially elected to a third term in office amid violent protests. The coup leaders dissolved the government, suspended the constitution. Civic space and human rights protections, already strained, faced exacerbated challenges in this tumultuous environment.

The analysis of indicators positions Guinea's civic space as "Constricted." Severe restrictions on freedoms of assembly, expression, association, and political participation persist post-coups. A weak judiciary, corruption, human rights abuses, and strict controls on civil society and media characterize this constrained civic space.

Key concerns include excessive force against protesters, intimidation and arrest of activists and journalists, restrictive regulations on NGOs, political exclusion, limited civil society input in policymaking, discrimination, and corruption.

Despite these challenges, Guinea's vibrant tradition of trade unionism and civil society mobilization persists, advocating for rights despite repression. Leveraging this tradition and lifting restrictions could fortify civic space. Substantive reforms are imperative to realize Guinea's democratic aspirations and foster open civic engagement.

Freedom of Assembly:

Practically limited by arbitrary bans and excessive force. Restrictive legal frameworks hinder this right.

Freedom of Expression:

Media faces censorship and tight controls. Common harassment and arrest of journalists indicate a lack of tolerance for critical speech.

Freedom of Association:

Burdensome registration and high government interference limit NGO independence.

Rule of Law:

Lack of judicial independence, widespread corruption, and frequent arbitrary arrests indicate limited protections.

Political Participation:

Elections are often flawed, with opposition exclusion. Improvements needed in voter registration and political inclusion.

Civil Society Participation:

Highly limited space for CSO input in policy. Inadequate public consultations and marginal civic engagement in decisions.

Human Rights Protection:

Common abuses, discrimination, and limited access to justice indicate poor protections.

Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

Pervasive corruption despite institutional measures. Severe limitations on government transparency and access to information.

Safety of Activists:

Threats, harassment, and arbitrary arrests create a climate of fear. Legal protections exist on paper, but impunity persists.

Access to Information:

Poor implementation of access to information laws. Lack of publicly available government data undermines transparency.

Guinea grapples with authoritarianism, freedom restrictions, corruption, and weak rule of law. However, there's an opportunity for progress through the empowerment of civil society. The major challenge lies in the dearth of political rights and civil liberties, with authoritarian practices limiting critical speech and dissent. Upholding fundamental freedoms becomes imperative.

Widespread corruption has eroded economic opportunities and public trust. Addressing graft through accountability mechanisms and protecting journalists and activists could enhance governance. The weak judiciary and security force abuses contribute to a climate of impunity. Strengthening rule of law and accountability for rights violations is crucial. Guinea's strong civil society mobilization for rights is evident in protests against authoritarian rule. Removing legal and administrative hurdles for NGOs and unions could empower them to advocate for reforms.

Past democratic movements indicate the potential for pluralistic politics in Guinea. However, restrictions on political opposition and the lack of free elections hinder this potential. Allowing inclusive participation and dissent is key.

Targeted legal reforms, lifting restrictions on civic freedoms, anti-corruption efforts, and protections for human rights defenders could facilitate Guinea's transition to a more open civic space.

Based on the analysis of the indicators, Guinea's civic space is classified as “Constricted,” with severe restrictions across key dimensions of civic life.

Insights from interviews and data unveil that Ivory Coast's civic space encounters some constraints, although advancements have unfolded since the resolution of the political crisis in 2011. Evaluation of 12 vital indicators suggests that Ivory Coast's civic landscape can be labelled as "challenged," exhibiting impediments to freedoms alongside prospects for heightened engagement.

Concerns encompass press freedom limitations, occasional use of excessive force against protestors, legal harassment of activists, uneven political inclusion, corruption, discrimination against immigrants, and threats to civil society groups. Despite these challenges, Ivory Coast boasts a dynamic media and civil society sphere that persistently advocates for rights. Leveraging these assets while addressing constraints on civic liberties could amplify openness. Overall, Ivory Coast portrays a nuanced picture - democratic strides have unfolded post-crisis, yet gaps linger in areas like polarization, human rights, and safeguarding marginalized groups. Targeted reforms, shaped by public engagement, could propel democratic gains into an expansive civic space.

Freedom of Assembly:

While constitutionally guaranteed, practical restrictions on the right to assemble sometimes occur, accompanied by occasional police use of excessive force during protests.

Freedom of Expression:

A myriad of media outlets exists, yet press freedoms exhibit disparities. Instances of journalist harassment, especially on sensitive subjects, have transpired. Online expression generally remains free.

Freedom of Association:

CSO registration is uncomplicated, but instances of intimidation and legal harassment, particularly against human rights groups, have been encountered.

Rule of Law:

The judiciary maintains a degree of independence, though corruption endures. Consistency in upholding due process rights and ensuring equal access to justice for marginalized groups remains variable.

Political Participation:

Elections are competitive but entangled in polarization. Allegations of exclusion by opposition groups persist. Enhancement of voter registration and the inclusion of women and youth are conceivable improvements.

Civil Society Participation:

CSOs actively engage but wield moderate influence in policy decisions. Public consultations, though occurring, are perceived as perfunctory by civil society.

Human Rights Protection:

Robust legal frameworks coexist with uneven enforcement, contributing to persisting discrimination and abuses against immigrants, LGBTQ groups, and minorities.

Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

Despite the presence of anti-graft institutions, corruption remains a concern. Government transparency is middling, indicating room for increased public access to data.

Safety of Activists:

Activists generally navigate freely, but sporadic threats and arbitrary arrests foster self-censorship among rights advocates.

Access to Information:

Legislation on information access exists but encounters uneven implementation. Increased public availability of government data remains a prospect.

Civic space in Ivory Coast grapples with obstacles related to freedom restrictions, corruption, political polarization, and uneven protection for marginalized groups. Amidst these challenges, prospects for reform emerge. Excessive force against protestors and legal harassment of activists stands as significant challenges, fostering an environment conducive to self-censorship. Initiatives to ensure police accountability and curtail arbitrary arrests are imperative.

Corruption within government institutions poses a challenge, eroding public trust. Strengthened anti-corruption measures and fortified protections for whistleblowers can enhance transparency.

Political divisions occasionally lead to opposition exclusion, heightening election tensions. Mitigating polarization through inclusive dialogues and decision-making is a plausible remedy.

Discrimination and abuses against immigrants, women, LGBTQ groups, and minorities persist. Redressing these issues requires an expanded access-to-justice framework.

Ivory Coast boasts a resilient media landscape and active civil society. Shielding journalists and activists from intimidation can fortify their capacity to influence governance. The country's legal framework supporting rights and freedoms is a foundation. Elevating implementation and enforcement of these laws is pivotal for sustained civic progress.

Lastly, Ivory Coast's post-crisis economic trajectory provides resources for investing in bolstering democratic institutions and protecting marginalized groups.

In light of the 12 indicators, Ivory Coast's civic space classification is "Challenged." Despite strides, disparities in freedoms, transparency, and inclusion endure.

Liberia has navigated strides in rebuilding civic space since the cessation of its civil wars in 2003, yet interviews and surveys signal substantial persisting challenges.

Assessment based the indicators portrays Liberia's civic space as "challenged," embodying hurdles to freedoms alongside potential avenues for heightened engagement.

Concerns encompass restricted press freedom, opacity in governance, fluctuating political participation, discrimination and violence against women and minorities, and threats targeting activists and journalists.

Nevertheless, Liberia has witnessed the rise of dynamic civil society advocacy and youth movements advocating for reforms. Capitalizing on these dynamic forces while rectifying limitations on civic space holds the promise of furthering openness.

Liberia presents a variegated record - advancements have occurred post-conflict, yet fissures endure around polarization, human rights, corruption, and safeguards for marginalized groups. Upholding democratic gains through dialogue and accountability stands as the linchpin for translating principles into tangible practice.

Freedom of Assembly:

Generally upheld, though sporadic protests encounter excessive force. Adequate legal provisions face uneven implementation.

Freedom of Expression:

Media contends with harassment and restrictions, particularly under critical government scrutiny. Defamation laws curtail investigative journalism, with a realm of free online expression.

Freedom of Association:

CSO registration encounters bureaucratic hurdles. The overall CSO space is open, yet sporadic instances of perceived excessive government oversight arise.

Rule of Law:

Resource constraints affect the judiciary, albeit maintaining independence. Pervasive corruption undermines governance, with rare arbitrary arrests.

Political Participation:

Elections manifest competitiveness but are shadowed by divisions, with claims of marginalization by the opposition. Prospects for improved voter registration and enhanced women's participation are conceivable.

Civil Society Participation:

CSOs partake actively in policy discussions but wield moderate influence. Public consultations exist but are critiqued by civil society as perfunctory.

Human Rights Protection:

A legal framework exists, but poor enforcement perpetuates discrimination and violence against women and LGBTQ persons.

Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

Despite anti-graft institutions, corruption endures. Government transparency and access to information are constrained.

Safety of Activists:

Activists enjoy relative freedom, yet harassment and threats against journalists and rights advocates persist, raising concerns about impunity for attacks.

Access to Information:

Legislation exists but witnesses inconsistent implementation. Enhanced public availability of government data remains an untapped potential.

Liberia grapples with pivotal challenges in civic space, marked by corruption, freedom constraints, political schisms, and unequal protection for marginalized groups. Amid these challenges, avenues for reform beckon.

Foremost among the challenges is corruption, acting as a corrosive force on governance and accountability. Robust enforcement of anti-graft measures coupled with safeguards for media and civil society stands as a potent antidote to elevate transparency.

Harassment and restrictions on journalists and activists, impeding critical oversight, underscore the need for safeguarding civic actors. Initiatives to prevent intimidation and attacks, alongside reforms in defamation laws, can amplify their empowerment.

Deep-seated political divisions sometimes breed sentiments of exclusion among opposition groups, escalating tensions. Inclusive dialogues and decision-making processes present a pathway to temper polarization.

Discrimination and abuses against women, minorities, and LGBTQ persons endure due to lax enforcement of existing protections. Crucial to this is the expansion of access to justice for marginalized groups.

Yet, Liberia pulsates with a vibrant youth demographic and an active civil society, operating largely unrestrained. Shielding civic actors from threats could catalyze their role in propelling reforms.

Moreover, Liberia boasts a legal framework buttressing rights and freedoms, but the pivotal imperative is the enhanced implementation and enforcement of these laws, constituting the bedrock for progress in civic space.

Safeguarding democratic gains and transmuting democratic principles into tangible reforms focusing on inclusivity, transparency, and rights protection can propel Liberia toward an advanced civic space.

Through an analysis of the 12 indicators, Liberia's civic space earns the classification of "Challenged." Notwithstanding progress post-conflicts, voids persist around freedoms, transparency, and inclusion.

Mali has faced significant instability and conflict over the past decade, taking a toll on civic space and human rights. Responses from interviews and data indicate Mali's civic space is highly restricted.

Areas of major concern include arbitrary restrictions on protests, intimidation and arrest of activists and journalists, legal harassment of civil society groups, lack of free and fair elections, widespread human rights abuses by security forces, and breakdown of rule of law across much of the country.

A coup in 2020 and subsequent political turmoil have enabled further crackdowns on dissent. Jihadist and inter-communal violence have led to displacement and humanitarian crisis. State authority has collapsed across swaths of territory. Constitutional rule remains suspended.

However, Mali has a strong tradition of civil society mobilization and movements pushing for democracy and human rights despite repression. Harnessing this experience and lifting restrictions on civic space could support openness. Overall, though, substantive reforms are needed to translate Mali's democratic aspirations into reality.

Freedom of Assembly

Authorities severely limit protests through arbitrary bans and use of force against demonstrators. The legal framework is restrictive and implementation poor. Peaceful dissent is not tolerated.

Freedom of Expression:

Most media are state-controlled, and censorship is pervasive. Harassment, intimidation, and arrest of journalists are common. Critical speech is not tolerated.

Freedom of Association:

CSOs face burdensome regulations and restrictions. Government interference is routine, undermining CSO independence.

Rule of Law:

The judiciary lacks independence and corruption is widespread, eroding governance. Arbitrary detentions by security forces are common indicating limited protections.

Political Participation:

Elections have been delayed and lack credibility amid exclusions of opposition. Voter registration and political inclusion of marginalized groups are inadequate.

 Civil Society Participation:

The space for CSO input into policymaking is highly limited. Public consultations are non-existent. Civic engagement in decisions is negligible.

 Human Rights Protections:

Abuses by security forces are pervasive including extrajudicial killings and torture. Minorities face violence and discrimination indicating poor protections.

 Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

Corruption is rampant despite some institutional measures. Government transparency and access to information are severely limited.

Safety of Activists:

Activists and journalists routinely face threats, arbitrary arrest, torture and extrajudicial killings. Impunity for attacks is common, creating a climate of fear.

Access to Information:

Implementation of access to information provisions is negligible. More government data should be publicly available to improve transparency.

Mali faces interlinked challenges of conflict, authoritarian practices, restrictions on freedoms, corruption, and collapse of rule of law. However, empowering civil society provides an opportunity. A major challenge is the breakdown of constitutional order and pervasive human rights abuses. Restoring democratic governance, accountability for abuses, and protections for basic freedoms is critical.

Widespread corruption and lack of transparency has eroded public trust. Anti-corruption reforms and protections for journalists and activists could improve governance. The conflict and rights abuses have led to a climate of fear and self-censorship. Ensuring the safety of civil society and lifting restrictions on civic space is essential to openness.

However, Mali has a strong tradition of civil society mobilization for democracy and human rights despite repression. Removing legal and administrative hurdles for NGOs and activists could empower them to drive reforms.

Additionally, Mali's experience with democratic movements indicates the potential for pluralistic governance. But restrictions on freedoms and political participation have hindered this. Restoring democratic order, protecting human rights, tackling corruption and empowering civil society are essential to address Mali's interlinked challenges and enable open civic space.

Based on analysis of the 12 indicators, Mali's civic space can be classified as “Constricted”, with severe restrictions across key dimensions of civic life.

Nigeria, the economic and demographic giant of Africa, grapples with formidable challenges in realizing an open civic space, as revealed through interviews and surveys. A detailed examination of the key indicators delineates Nigeria's civic space as " Constricted," marked by severe constraints on the freedoms of assembly, expression, association, and political participation.

Significant apprehensions encompass crackdowns on protests, systematic intimidation of activists and journalists, legal harassment befalling NGOs, a deficit of free and fair elections, rampant corruption, pervasive human rights transgressions perpetrated by security forces, and localized breakdowns of the rule of law. The confluence of deep political schisms, escalating insecurity, and economic tribulations compounds the restrictions on civic space. Nevertheless, Nigeria stands on the bedrock of a potent tradition of civil society advocacy and mobilization persistently championing rights despite the shadow of repression. The prospect of fostering openness hinges on the liberation from restrictions on civic freedoms and the empowerment of civil society.

As Nigeria held pivotal national elections in February and March 2023, the contest was competitive but marred by technical difficulties, logistical issues, violence, and accusations of intimidation and rigging. The state elections also witnessed disturbing incidents of voter intimidation and suppression. Nigeria's democracy remains fragile amid deep divisions. However, reforms focused on improving electoral processes, upholding rights, fostering inclusive governance, and enabling civil society participation will be vital to consolidate democratic gains.

Nigeria stands at a crossroads where substantive reforms are imperative. These reforms must transcend mere democratic aspirations, consolidating democratic institutions, ensuring accountability for rights violations, and fostering an environment conducive to an open civic space.

Freedom of Assembly:

The exercise of the right to assemble is severely curtailed by authorities deploying force. A restrictive legal framework, coupled with poor implementation, quashes peaceful dissent.

Freedom of Expression:

Routine harassment and intimidation befall journalists, particularly when reporting on political or conflict-related matters. Critical speech confronts an environment intolerant of dissent.

Freedom of Association:

While the registration process for CSOs remains ostensibly straightforward, burgeoning bureaucratic hurdles and interference impede the full realization of CSO independence.

Rule of Law:

The judiciary grapples with a lack of independence, overshadowed by pervasive corruption that corrodes the foundations of governance. Frequent arbitrary detentions underscore the limited protections in place.

Political Participation:

Credibility eludes elections marred by the exclusion of opposition groups. Voter registration and the political inclusion of marginalized segments manifest inadequacies.

Civil Society Participation:

The space afforded to CSOs in influencing policymaking is excessively confined, with public consultations non-existent and civic engagement in decisions negligible.

Human Rights Protections:

Security forces perpetrate widespread abuses, ranging from extrajudicial killings to torture and sexual violence. Despite existing legal protections, enforcement remains lamentably poor.

Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

 The battle against corruption remains uphill, despite the institutional measures in place. Limited government transparency and constrained access to information compound the challenges.

Safety of Activists:

Activists grapple with a constant barrage of threats, arbitrary arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings. Impunity for such attacks fosters a pervasive climate of fear.

Access to Information:

The implementation of access to information provisions is a mere semblance, necessitating a substantial increase in the public availability of government data for transparency enhancement.

Nigeria finds itself entwined in a complex web of challenges spanning conflict, freedom restrictions, corruption, and the disintegration of the rule of law and accountability. However, amid this labyrinth, the empowerment of civil society emerges as a singular opportunity.

Foremost among the challenges is the dearth of political rights, civic freedoms, and the ominous breakdown of constitutional order. The roadmap to recovery involves not only restoring democratic governance but also exacting accountability for rights abuses and fortifying the basic freedoms foundational to civic life.

The specter of widespread corruption and an opacity in governance has corroded public trust. Remedial action through anti-corruption reforms and enhanced protections for journalists and activists can act as a balm for governance.

The climate of fear and self-censorship stemming from conflict and rights abuses requires a twofold response: ensuring the safety of civil society and dismantling the restrictive edifices confining civic space.

Nevertheless, Nigeria's spirited tradition of civil society mobilization for democracy and human rights, resilient in the face of repression, stands as a beacon of hope. The removal of legal and administrative shackles on NGOs and activists could unleash their transformative potential, forging a path for comprehensive reforms.

Nigeria's historical tryst with democratic movements suggests a latent potential for pluralistic governance. However, shackles on freedoms and political participation have stymied the realization of this promise.

In essence, the revival of democratic order, the fortification of human rights, the fight against corruption, and the empowerment of civil society represent not just remedies but prerequisites for addressing Nigeria's interconnected challenges and fostering an environment conducive to an open civic space.

A meticulous analysis the indicators unequivocally categorizes Nigeria's civic space as " Constricted" signalling severe restrictions across the cardinal dimensions of civic life.

Senegal, acknowledged as one of West Africa's enduring democracies with a history of peaceful power transitions since gaining independence in 1960, confronts persistent challenges in its civic space, as illuminated by responses from interviews and surveys.

Scrutiny of the indicators delineates Senegal's civic space as "challenged," marked by impediments to freedoms alongside potential avenues for increased engagement. Noteworthy concerns encompass curtailments on press freedom, legal hurdles impeding activists, elevated corruption levels, disparities in political inclusion, threats directed at civil society groups, discrimination against women and minorities, uneven access to information, gender equality gaps, constraints on digital rights, and fluctuations in human rights protections.

Despite these challenges, Senegal emanates resilience from a robust civil society and youth movements steadfastly advocating for rights. Capitalizing on these strengths while addressing civic freedom limitations holds promise for advancing openness. Senegal's overall profile portrays a nuanced narrative—sustaining a democratic system coexists with persisting gaps in transparency, human rights protections, restrictions on dissent, and the inclusion of marginalized groups. Deliberate reforms, concentrating on inclusivity and accountability, could serve as conduits for translating democratic principles into tangible practices.

Freedom of Assembly:

While generally upheld, protests occasionally encounter restrictions, coupled with instances of excessive force against demonstrators.

Freedom of Expression:

Journalists face harassment, especially when covering sensitive topics, and defamation laws impose constraints on investigative reporting. Online expression, however, maintains a relatively open landscape.

Freedom of Association:

CSO registration grapples with bureaucratic impediments, and while the CSO space is generally open, instances of harassment against human rights groups have surfaced.

Rule of Law:

A judiciary maintaining independence contends with lingering government corruption. Despite this, due process rights are predominantly observed, with variations in access to justice among different groups.

Political Participation:

Elections are marked by competitiveness, yet allegations of an uneven playing field persist. Women and youth inclusion in politics present opportunities for enhancement.

Civil Society Participation:

Active involvement in policy discussions characterizes CSOs, albeit with a moderate influence on decisions. Public consultations, as perceived by civil society, exist but are deemed limited.

Human Rights Protections:

A legal framework exists, but discriminatory practices persist against women, minorities, and LGBTQ groups due to inconsistent enforcement.

Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

Corruption remains a challenge despite existing anti-graft institutions. Government transparency and access to information are fair but could benefit from improvement.

Safety of Activists:

Activists generally operate freely, yet sporadic threats and arbitrary arrests create a climate fostering self-censorship.

Access to Information:

Legislation exists, but implementation varies, necessitating a broader availability of government data for enhanced transparency.

Gender Equality:

Strides in women's rights coexist with gaps in political participation, economic opportunities, and safeguards against gender-based violence.

Digital Rights:

While internet access has expanded, sporadic restrictions during protests and limited data privacy protections pose challenges.

Senegal grapples with a spectrum of challenges in its civic space, encompassing corruption, freedom restrictions, political exclusion, and disparate rights protections. Within these challenges, windows of reform beckon.

Foremost is the menace of corruption, a corrosive force undermining governance and public trust. Strengthening the enforcement of anti-graft laws and fortifying protections for journalists and activists emerges as a pivotal avenue for improving transparency.

Legal harassment and arbitrary arrests cast a shadow, fostering a climate conducive to self-censorship. Neutralizing intimidation directed at civic actors becomes pivotal for empowerment.

Inequities in political inclusion, particularly barriers faced by women and youth, demand remedial action. A commitment to inclusive processes and strategic reforms aimed at broadening participation emerges as a pressing need.

Despite these challenges, Senegal boasts a vibrant civil society and youth movements operating with relative freedom. Shielding these entities from threats could further embolden them to steer transformative reforms.

Senegal's history of democratic transitions stands as a foundation to build upon. Targeted reforms, centring on inclusivity, transparency, and rights protections, possess the potential to translate these principles into tangible democratic practices.

Senegal's civic space, assessed across the 12 indicators, aligns with the classification of "Challenged." Despite the existence of a democratic system, discernible gaps persist in freedoms, transparency, and inclusivity.

Responses from interviews and surveys indicate that civic space in Togo faces severe restrictions and can be characterized as " Constricted ".

Areas of profound concern encompass crackdowns on protests, intimidation of activists and journalists, stringent regulations on NGOs, compromised electoral processes, corruption, discrimination against women and minorities, prevalent human rights abuses with minimal accountability, restricted access to information, gender equality gaps, curtailed digital rights, and an inconsistent safeguarding of human rights.

However, Togo has a legacy of civil society advocacy and mobilization pushing for democracy, seen in mass protests in 2017-2018. Harnessing this experience and lifting draconian restrictions on civic space could support greater openness.

Freedom of Assembly:

The government's severe restrictions on protests, arbitrary bans, and use of excessive force form a stark reality. The legal framework, far from supportive, is coupled with poor implementation, rendering peaceful dissent nearly impossible.

Freedom of Expression:

Media operates under tight controls, facing censorship, harassment, and routine arrests of journalists. Critical speech is systematically suppressed.

Freedom of Association:

CSOs contend with burdensome registration requirements and high government interference, undermining their independence.

Rule of Law:

The judiciary, lacking independence, grapples with pervasive corruption that corrodes governance. Arbitrary detentions are alarmingly frequent.

Political Participation:

Credibility and transparency gaps mar elections, with systematic harassment and exclusion targeting opposition groups. Voter registration and political inclusion fall significantly short.

Civil Society Participation:

The scant space for civil society input into policymaking, coupled with perfunctory public consultations, leaves civic engagement in decisions negligible.

Human Rights Protections:

Security forces perpetrate routine abuses, including excessive force, torture, and extrajudicial killings. Legal protections, existing on paper, face negligible enforcement.

Anti-Corruption and Transparency:

Rampant corruption prevails, lacking political will for reform. Government transparency and access to information are severely limited.

Safety of Activists:

Activists and journalists navigate constant threats, arbitrary arrests, torture, and harassment. Impunity for attacks fosters a climate of fear.

Access to Information:

Implementation of access to information provisions is negligible, with tightly controlled access to government data.

Gender Equality:

Discrimination against women persists across education, economic opportunities, and political participation. Protections against gender-based violence remain inadequate.

Digital Rights:

Government restrictions extend to connectivity and online content, with limited user privacy protections.

Togo grapples with intertwined challenges of authoritarian rule, stifled freedoms, corruption, and weakened rule of law. The prospect lies in empowering civil society.

A substantial challenge lies in the dearth of political rights and civil liberties within an entrenched authoritarian system. Safeguarding fundamental freedoms and fostering political competition emerges as a critical imperative.

Widespread corruption and cronyism have corroded economic opportunities and public trust. Anti-corruption reforms, alongside protections for journalists and activists, present avenues for governance improvement.

A culture of repression, censorship, and rights abuses has cultivated fear and self-censorship. Ensuring the safety of civil society and dismantling draconian restrictions are indispensable for fostering openness.

Togo's historical backdrop includes civil society and trade union mobilization for democracy, currently constrained. The removal of legal and administrative hurdles for NGOs and activists is pivotal for advocating reforms.

While Togo has experienced pro-democracy movements, severe restrictions on civic space and political rights have impeded progress.

In essence, alleviating restrictions on freedoms, combating corruption, nurturing inclusive governance, and empowering civil society are imperative to address Togo's challenges and pave the way for open civic space.

Analysis of the 12 indicators categorizes Togo's civic space as “Constricted”, reflecting severe restrictions across key dimensions of civic life.